tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9215975305493080192024-03-05T04:36:14.938-08:00Indian achieversAdityahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13320668813868241595noreply@blogger.comBlogger7125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-921597530549308019.post-42322914718085513662016-08-23T04:41:00.000-07:002016-08-23T04:41:39.971-07:00 General Knowledge Capsule - 1<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Which of the following decade is celebrated as First United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty ?<b> Ans:</b>1997-2006<b> .</b></li>
<li><b> </b>International Blood donation day is observed on which date?<b> Ans: </b>06 November</li>
<li>How are insects able to walk on the surface of water?<b>Ans: </b>Due to Surface Tension of Water.</li>
<li>Which mineral occurs in abundant under the earth crust?<b>Ans: </b>Silica</li>
<li>Pneumoconiosis effects the worker who mainly works in which industry?<b> Ans:</b>Coal Mining Industry<b>.</b></li>
<li><b> </b>On which Panchayat did the Ashok Mehta Committee greater emphasis?<b> Ans: </b>Mandai Panchayat</li>
<li>Which Harappan site had a dock ?<b> Ans: </b>Lothal</li>
<li>Which has the largest livestock population in the world?<b> Ans: </b>India</li>
<li>The tide at its maximum height is known by which name?<b>Ans: </b>Spring Tide</li>
<li>Which Veda throws light on the beliefs and practices of the Non- Aryans?<b>Ans:</b>AtharvaVeda</li>
<li>Lathyrism is caused by excessive consumption of which thing?<b> Ans: </b>Khesari</li>
<li>Under which Ministry of the Government of India does the Food and Nutrition Board work? <b>Ans:</b>Ministry of Agriculture</li>
<li>Where are the local thunderstorms 'Nor Westers' prominent?<b>Ans: </b>West Bengal</li>
<li>The code of conduct of the Vedic society was laid out in which text?<b>Ans: </b>Smritis</li>
<li>What are the metallic constituents of hard water?<b> Ans:</b>Calcium , Magnesium and Iron<b> </b></li>
<li>With which was Tarapore Committee associated?<b>Ans: </b>Fuller capital account convertibility</li>
<li>What is the dense mass of small water drops on smoke particles in the lower layers of the atmosphere?<b> Ans:</b>Smog</li>
<li>Who was the founder of the Nanda dynasty?<b>Ans: </b>Mahapadma Nanda </li>
<li>Which planet of the solar system has the longest day?<b>Ans: </b>Venus</li>
<li>What is the average salinity of the sea water?<b> Ans:</b>3.5%</li>
</ol>
</div>
Adityahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13320668813868241595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-921597530549308019.post-12253080169540312632016-02-29T23:43:00.001-08:002016-02-29T23:44:26.817-08:00Key Features of Finance Budget 2016-2017<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrIqLOzdmZ6FgGlW0GKtiQhrhBN97dTwhFb6Uk4fDwbDDK2LqZMhUAYseFaM0_No21j_9UkXIQcnR8YBoPbanV6WHH4QbwySlFuPPQZ32pYz12w8lZMmQZ-AQ6YyRfmmfUH7o8MEiW29M7/s1600/32877299+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrIqLOzdmZ6FgGlW0GKtiQhrhBN97dTwhFb6Uk4fDwbDDK2LqZMhUAYseFaM0_No21j_9UkXIQcnR8YBoPbanV6WHH4QbwySlFuPPQZ32pYz12w8lZMmQZ-AQ6YyRfmmfUH7o8MEiW29M7/s400/32877299+%25281%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Budget documents presented to the <a href="http://indianachieverz.blogspot.in/2015/09/the-indian-parliament-everything-you.html" target="_blank">Parliament</a> comprise, besides the Finance Minister’s Budget
Speech, the following: </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>A. Annual Financial Statement (AFS)</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b> B. Demands for Grants (DG) </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>C. Appropriation Bill </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>D. Finance Bill </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>E. Memorandum Explaining the Provisions in the Finance Bill, 2016 </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>F. Macro-economic framework for the relevant Financial Year </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>G. Fiscal Policy Strategy Statement for the Financial Year </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>H. Medium Term Fiscal Policy Statement </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>I. Medium Term Expenditure Framework Statement</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>J. Expenditure Budget Volume-1 </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>K. Expenditure Budget Volume-2 (Part A and Part B)</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b> L. Concordance Tables to the Expenditure Budget Volume-2 </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>M. Receipts Budget </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>N. Budget at a Glance </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>O. Highlights of Budget. </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(A) <b>Annual Financial Statement:-</b>
Annual Financial Statement (AFS), the document as provided under <b>Article 112</b>, shows estimated receipts
and expenditure of the Government of India for 2016-17 in relation to estimates for 2015-16 as also actual
expenditure for the year 2014-15. The <b>Annual Financial Statemen</b>t distinguishes the expenditure on revenue account from the
expenditure on other accounts, as is mandated in the Constitution of India. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(B) <b>Demands for Grants :- </b><span style="text-align: left;">The Demands for Grants are presented to the <b>Lok
Sabha</b> along with the Annual Financial Statement. Generally, one Demand for Grant is presented in
respect of each Ministry or Department.</span><span style="text-align: left;">Each Demand initially gives separately the totals of (i)‘voted’ and
‘charged’ expenditure; (ii) the ‘revenue’ and the ‘capital’ expenditure and (iii) the grand total on gross
basis of the amount of expenditure for which the Demand is presented. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(C) <b>Appropriation Bill :- </b><span style="text-align: left;">After the Demands for Grants are voted by the Lok Sabha, the
Parliament’s approval for the withdrawal from the Consolidated Fund of the amounts so voted and of the
amount required to meet the expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund is sought through the Appropriation
Bill.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(D) <b>Finance Bill :- </b><span style="text-align: left;">At the time of presentation of the Annual Financial Statement before the Parliament, a Finance Bill is also
presented in fulfillment of the requirement of Article 110 (1)(a) of the Constitution.</span><span style="text-align: left;">A Finance Bill is a Money Bill as defined in Article 110
of the <a href="http://indianachieverz.blogspot.in/2015/08/constitution-of-india-overview.html" target="_blank">Constitution</a>. It is accompanied by a Memorandum explaining the provisions included in it.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(E) <b>Memorandum Explaining the Provisions in the Finance Bill</b> :-To facilitate understanding of the taxation proposals contained in the Finance Bill, the provisions and their
implications are explained in the document titled Memorandum Explaining the Provisions of the Finance Bill.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(F) <b>Macro-economic Framework Statement</b> :- It contains an assessment
of the growth prospects of the economy along with the statement of specific underlying assumptions. It also
contains an assessment regarding the GDP growth rate, the domestic economy and the stability of the external
sector of the economy, fiscal balance of the Central Government and the external sector balance of the
economy.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(G) <b>Fiscal Policy Strategy Statement :- </b><span style="text-align: left;">The Statement explains how the current fiscal policies are in conformity with </span><span style="text-align: left;">sound fiscal management principles and gives the rationale for any major deviation in key fiscal measures. </span><span style="text-align: left;">It outlines for the existing financial year, the strategic
priorities of the Government relating to taxation, expenditure, lending and investments, administered pricing,
borrowings and guarantees.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div>
<b><br /></b></div>
<div>
(H) <b>Medium-term Fiscal Policy Statement :- </b>The Medium-term Fiscal Policy Statement sets out the three-year rolling targets for five specific
fiscal indicators in relation to GDP at market prices, namely (i) Revenue Deficit, (ii) Fiscal Deficit, (iii) Effective
Revenue Deficit (iv) Tax to GDP ratio and (v) Total outstanding Central Government Debt at the end of the
year. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
(I) <b>Medium-term Expenditure Framework Statement :- </b>The objective
of the MTEF is to provide a closer integration between the budget and the FRBM Statements. This Statement
is presented separately in the session next to the session in which Budget is presented, i.e. normally in the
Monsoon Session.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
(J) <b>Expenditure Budget Volume-1 :- </b>This document deals with the revenue and the capital disbursements of various Ministries/Departments
and gives the estimates with respect to each under ‘Plan’ and ‘Non-Plan’. It also gives an analysis of
various types of expenditure and broad reasons for the variations in estimates.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
(K) <b>Expenditure Budget Volume-2: -</b> The provisions made for a scheme or a programme may spread over a number of Major Heads in the
Revenue and Capital sections in a Demand for Grants. In the Expenditure Budget Vol. 2, the estimates made for a scheme/programme are brought together and shown on a net basis Major Head-wise at one place.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
(L) <b>Concordance tables to the Expenditure Budget Vol. 2 :- </b>This documents provides the demand-wise concordance tables for the rationalized line entries for Budget
Estimates (BE) 2016-17. In certain demands, the line entries with respect of BE 2016-17 are different from
those of the BE 2015-16. This is because the Government has considered the organization of schemes and
projects demand-wise and has rationalized them.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
(M) <b>Receipts Budget
Estimates:- </b> of receipts included in the Annual Financial Statement are further analysed in the document
“Receipts Budget”. The document provides details of tax and non-tax revenue receipts and capital receipts
and explains the estimates. The document also provides the arrears of tax revenues and non-tax revenues,
as mandated under the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Rules, 2004.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
(N) <b>Budget at a Glance :- </b>This document shows in brief, receipts and disbursements along with broad details of tax revenues
and other receipts. This document also exhibits broad break-up of expenditure - Plan and Non-Plan,
allocation of Plan outlays by sectors as well as by Ministries/Departments and details of resources
transferred by the Central Government to State and Union Territory Governments.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
(O) <b>Highlights of Budget:- </b>This document explains the key features of the Budget 2016-2017, inter alia, indicating the prominent
achievements in various sectors of the economy. It also explains, in brief, the budget proposals for allocation
of funds to be made in important areas. The summary of tax proposals is also delineated in the document</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
(P) <b>Detailed Demands for Grants :-</b>
The Detailed Demands for Grants are laid on the table of the Lok Sabha sometime after the presentation
of the Budget, but before the discussion on Demands for Grants commences. Detailed Demands for Grants
further elaborate the provisions included in the Demands for Grants as also the actual expenditure during the
previous year.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
(Q)<b> Outcome Budget :- </b>The Outcome Budget
broadly indicates physical dimensions of the financial budget of a Ministry/Department, indicating
actual physical performance during the year 2014-2015, performance during the year 2015-2016
and the targeted performance during the year 2016-2017.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
(R)<b> Annual Reports:-</b>
A descriptive account of the activities of each Ministry/Department during the year 2015-2016 is given in
the document Annual Report which is brought out separately by each Ministry/Department and circulated to
Members of Parliament at the time of discussion on the Demands for Grants. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
(S) <b>Economic Survey :- </b>
<b>The Economic Survey</b> brings out the economic trends in the country which facilitates a better appreciation
of the mobilization of resources and their allocation in the <b><a href="http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2016-17/bh/bh1.pdf" target="_blank">Budget</a>. </b>The Survey analyses the trends in agricultural
and industrial production, infrastructure, employment, money supply, prices, imports, exports, foreign exchange
reserves and other relevant economic factors which have a bearing on the Budget, and is presented to the
Parliament ahead of the Budget for the ensuing year. </div>
<div>
<b><br /></b></div>
<div>
<b><br /></b></div>
<div>
<b><br /></b></div>
</div>
</div>
Adityahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13320668813868241595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-921597530549308019.post-67806716024386625062015-12-16T04:51:00.003-08:002015-12-23T04:48:59.035-08:00Ancient History of India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The history of human settlements in India goes back to prehistoric times. No written records are available for the prehistoric period. However, plenty of archaeological remains are found</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
in different parts of India to reconstruct the history of this period. They include the stone tools, pottery, artifacts and metal implements used by pre-historic people. The development of archaeology helps much to understand the life and culture of the people who lived in this period.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In India, the prehistoric period is divided into the Paleolithic
(Old Stone Age), Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age), Neolithic (New
Stone Age) and the Metal Age. However, these periods were not
uniform throughout the Indian subcontinent. The dating of the prehistoric
period is done scientifically. The technique of radio-carbon
dating is commonly used for this purpose. It is based on measuring
the loss of carbon in organic materials over a period of time. Another
dating method is known as dendro-chronology. It refers to the number of tree rings in wood. By counting the number of tree rings
in the wood, the date of the wood is arrived at. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Paleolithic or Old Stone Age</b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Old Stone Age sites are widely found in various parts of
the Indian subcontinent. These sites are generally located near water
sources. Several rock shelters and caves used by the Paleolithic
people are scattered across the subcontinent. They also lived rarely
in huts made of leaves. Some of the famous sites of Old Stone Age
in India are:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>a. The Soan valley and Potwar Plateau on the northwest India. </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>b. The Siwalik hills on the north India.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>c. Bhimpetka in Madhya Pradesh. </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>d. Adamgarh hill in Narmada valley. </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>e. Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
and </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>f. Attirampakkam near Chennai</b>. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In the Old Stone Age, food was obtained by hunting animals
and gathering edible plants and tubers. Therefore, these people are
called as hunter-gatherers. They used stone tools, hand-sized and
flaked-off large pebbles for hunting
animals. Stone implements are made of a
hard rock known as quartzite. Large
pebbles are often found in river terraces.
The hunting of large animals would have
required the combined effort of a group
of people with large stone axes. We have
little knowledge about their language and
communication. Their way of life became modified with the passage
of time since they made attempts to domesticate animals, make crude
pots and grow some plants. A few Old Stone Age paintings have In the Old Stone Age, food was obtained by hunting animals
and gathering edible plants and tubers. Therefore, these people are
called as hunter-gatherers. They used stone tools, hand-sized and
flaked-off large pebbles for hunting
animals. Stone implements are made of a
hard rock known as quartzite. Large
pebbles are often found in river terraces.
The hunting of large animals would have
required the combined effort of a group
of people with large stone axes. We have
little knowledge about their language and
communication. Their way of life became modified with the passage
of time since they made attempts to domesticate animals, make crude
pots and grow some plants. A few Old Stone Age paintings have also been found on rocks at Bhimbetka and other places. The period
before 10000 B.C. is assigned to the Old Stone Age</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The next stage of human life is called Mesolithic or Middle
Stone Age which falls roughly from<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXFXavFC9xHrCynjjO67Ufbyyi095tsj1ewETufpcnK2YFx0PM5fwW6gCuuzPuVTOwi_1L92qSrSBssZ5HTjfXHzV64pH5hoI_L3CqDqtrIjFjeSH5LorOwimJAgCV64z2aOWC67yCzBuJ/s1600/img_1296.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXFXavFC9xHrCynjjO67Ufbyyi095tsj1ewETufpcnK2YFx0PM5fwW6gCuuzPuVTOwi_1L92qSrSBssZ5HTjfXHzV64pH5hoI_L3CqDqtrIjFjeSH5LorOwimJAgCV64z2aOWC67yCzBuJ/s320/img_1296.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
10000 B.C. to 6000 B.C. It
was the transitional phase between the Paleolithic Age and Neolithic
Age. Mesolithic remains are found in Langhanj in Gujarat, Adamgarh
in Madhya Pradesh and also in some places of Rajasthan, Utter
Pradesh and Bihar. The paintings and engravings found at the rock
shelters give an idea about the social life and economic activities of
Mesolithic people. In the sites of Mesolithic Age, a different type of
stone tools is found. These are tiny stone artifacts, often not more
than five centimetres in size, and therefore called microliths. The
hunting-gathering pattern of life continued during this period.
However, there seems to have been a shift from big animal hunting
to small animal hunting and fishing. The use of bow and arrow also
began during this period. Also, there began a tendency to settle for
longer periods in an area. T<br />
herefore, domestication of animals,
horticulture and primitive cultivation started. Animal bones are found
in these sites and these include dog, deer, boar and ostrich.
Occasionally, burials of the dead along with some microliths and
shells seem to have been practised.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Neolithic Age</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr3m7CFx2SFDbBpXPBBk9xTRb5XwGjms6Vde-Dwr5aoSUFHnRgLl227Mri_o2MSTSNx2mPqDOWLz_AtGGdLcj6JysNLy5ifiNyeMJHxDbhkVsE7UxVgiMA896hoBCe5KYMzNDY-hpE9-RQ/s1600/2911.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr3m7CFx2SFDbBpXPBBk9xTRb5XwGjms6Vde-Dwr5aoSUFHnRgLl227Mri_o2MSTSNx2mPqDOWLz_AtGGdLcj6JysNLy5ifiNyeMJHxDbhkVsE7UxVgiMA896hoBCe5KYMzNDY-hpE9-RQ/s320/2911.jpg" width="320" /></a>A remarkable progress is noticed in human civilization in the Neolithic Age. It is approximately dated from 6000 B.C to 4000 B.C. Neolithic remains are found in various parts of India. These include the Kashmir valley, Chirand in Bihar, Belan valley in Uttar Pradesh and in several places of the Deccan. The chief characteristic features of the Neolithic culture are the practice of agriculture, domestication of animals, polishing of stone tools and the manufacture of pottery. In fact, the cultivation of plants and domestication of animals led to the emergence of village communities based on sedentary life.<br />
<br />
<b>Metal Age</b><br />
The Neolithic period is followed by Chalcolithic (copper-stone) period when copper and bronze came to be used. The new technology of smelting metal ore and crafting metal artefacts is important<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTlF52Gx9tvQJVDqHq-rNm3YqZMm5iZJOtsSV69YS6GcjOnhunGCwlDa79vUU5Aefx_I8QAkYE5d6uJYpt0-7D_zninrh6mKQFZUmvK84e7JZAajrt95_IKrZuIeoqusvrkLqPJeQUr3Sz/s1600/bronzeaxes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="147" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTlF52Gx9tvQJVDqHq-rNm3YqZMm5iZJOtsSV69YS6GcjOnhunGCwlDa79vUU5Aefx_I8QAkYE5d6uJYpt0-7D_zninrh6mKQFZUmvK84e7JZAajrt95_IKrZuIeoqusvrkLqPJeQUr3Sz/s320/bronzeaxes.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
development in human civilization. But the use of stone tools was not given up. Some of the micro lithic tools continued to be essential items. People began to travel for a long distance to obtain metal ores. This led to a network of Chalcolithic cultures and the Chalcolithic cultures were found in many parts of India.<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>The Harappan Civilization</b><br />
The earliest excavations in the Indus valley were done at Harappa in the West Punjab and Mohenjodaro in Sind. Both places are now in Pakistan. The findings in these two cities brought to light a civilization. It was first called the ‘The Indus Valley Civilization’. But this civilization was later named as the ‘Indus Civilization’ due to the discovery of more and more sites far away from the Indus valley. Also, it has come to be called the ‘Harappan Civilization’ after the name of its first discovered site.<br />
<br />
<b>Important Sites</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Among the many other sites excavated, the most important are Kot Diji in Sind, Kalibangan in Rajasthan, Rupar in the Punjab,Banawali in Haryana, Lothal, Surkotada and Dholavira, all the three<br />
in Gujarat. The larger cities are approximately a hundred hectares in size. Mohenjodara is the largest of all the Indus cities and it is estimated to have spread over an area of 200 hectares.<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Date of the Harappan Culture</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
In 1931, Sir John Marshall estimated the duration of the occupation of Mohenjodaro between 3250 and 2750 B.C. Subsequently, as and when new sites were discovered, the dating of the Harappan culture is modified. The advent of the radiocarbon method paves way for fixing almost accurate dates. By 1956, Fairservis brought down the dating of the Harappan culture to between 2000 and 1500 B.C. on the basis of radiocarbon dates of his findings. In 1964, D.P. Agarwal came to the conclusion that the total span of this culture should be between 2300 and 1750 B.C.<br />
<br />
<b>Salient Features of the Harappan Culture</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Town Planning</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9sl1Nb78z2JkYb-5omt6jGkS86W7oVMu0bJrp24ezIPGw_6AIDWiLNdz5SuJ4E5bzEC4Jh6GwJGGpa5r7ithhfZbOjpdcyCRFWxlK9blPgQSZUhZrudtMiMWyYV9JZw6AQVvSo-FC4IGF/s1600/Mohenjodaro_Sindh.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9sl1Nb78z2JkYb-5omt6jGkS86W7oVMu0bJrp24ezIPGw_6AIDWiLNdz5SuJ4E5bzEC4Jh6GwJGGpa5r7ithhfZbOjpdcyCRFWxlK9blPgQSZUhZrudtMiMWyYV9JZw6AQVvSo-FC4IGF/s320/Mohenjodaro_Sindh.jpeg" width="320" /></a>The Harappan culture was distinguished by its system of town planning on the lines of the grid system – that is streets and lanes cutting across one another almost at right angles thus dividing the<br />
city into several rectangular blocks. Harappa, Mohenjodaro and Kalibangan each had its own<br />
citadel built on a high podium of mud brick. Below the citadel in each city lay a lower town containing brick houses, which were inhabited by the common people. The large-scale use of burnt bricks in almost all kinds of constructions and the absence of stone buildings are the important characteristics of the Harappan culture. Another remarkable feature was the underground drainage system connecting all houses to the street drains which were covered by stone slabs or bricks.<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The most important
public place of Mohenjodaro is the Great Bath measuring 39 feet length, 23 feet
breadth and 8 feet depth. Flights of steps at either end lead to the surface.
There are side rooms for changing clothes. The floor of the Bath was made of burnt
bricks. Water was drawn from a large well in an adjacent room, and an outlet
from one corner of the Bath led to a drain. It must have served as a ritual
bathing site. The largest building in Mohenjodaro is a granary measuring 150
feet length and 50 feet breadth. But in the citadel of Harappa we find as many
as six granaries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Arts<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5V4-t-51KyJLYS3RrjfaPanVyTYuu7giQhZPs-Xp7tBHvLHiNtWjZ6cwpi36_vcGD67CW_HzI3xKVXEOU8Dt4AZ9ppVm0SRFIGyHvEum-Dfh6aJZFwdLCIkR73KkzKUtqBCleED_exbdP/s1600/i_dancing_girl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5V4-t-51KyJLYS3RrjfaPanVyTYuu7giQhZPs-Xp7tBHvLHiNtWjZ6cwpi36_vcGD67CW_HzI3xKVXEOU8Dt4AZ9ppVm0SRFIGyHvEum-Dfh6aJZFwdLCIkR73KkzKUtqBCleED_exbdP/s320/i_dancing_girl.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Harappan sculpture
revealed a high degree of workmanship. Figures of men and women, animals and
birds made of terracotta and the carvings on the seals show the degree of
proficiency attained by the sculptor. The figure of a dancing girl from
Mohenjodaro made of bronze is remarkable for its workmanship. Its right hand
rests on the hip, while the left arm, covered with bangles, hangs loosely in a
relaxed posture. Two stone statues from Harappa, one representing the back view
of a man and the other of a dancer are also specimens of their sculpture.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The pottery from
Harappa is another specimen of the fine arts of the Indus people. The pots and
jars were painted with various designs and colours. Painted pottery is of
better quality. The pictorial motifs consisted of geometrical patterns like
horizontal lines, circles, leaves, plants and trees. On some pottery pieces we find
figures of fish or peacock.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Religion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">From the seals,
terracotta figurines and copper tablets we get an idea on the religious life of
the Harappans. The chief male deity was Pasupati, (proto-Siva) represented in
seals as sitting in a yogic posture with three faces and two horns. He is surrounded
by our animals (elephant, tiger, rhino, and buffalo each facing a different direction).
Two deer appear on his feet. The chief female deity was the Mother Goddess
represented in terracotta figurines. In latter times, Linga worship was prevalent.
Trees and animals were also worshipped by the Harappans. They believed in
ghosts and evil forces and used amulets as protection against them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Decline of the
Harappan Culture<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">There is no unanimous view pertaining
to the cause for the decline of the Harappan culture. Various theories have
been postulated. Natural calamities like recurring floods, drying up of rivers,
decreasing fertility of the soil due to excessive exploitation and occasional
earthquakes might have caused the decline of the Harappan cities. According to
some scholars the final blow was delivered by the invasion of Aryans. The
destruction of forts is mentioned in the Rig Veda. Also, the discovery of human
skeletons huddled together at Mohenjodaro indicates that the city was invaded by
foreigners. The Aryans had superior weapons as well as swift horses which might
have enabled them to become masters of this region.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Vedic Literature</b><br />
<br />
The word ‘Veda’ is derived from the root ‘vid’, which means to know. In other words, the term ‘Veda’ signifies ‘superior knowledge’. The Vedic literature consists of the four Vedas – Rig, Yajur, <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtiT7GiWjhOe6_Lmhnnj5nEqrsnScVFvHsmmNkPbm5XVolgylDOCm_CRJ6S8ZMcVUoLRb0m-_I7X0kEC7lGn3KBUEsrhS1km_CHic95-IIiPvAlka4PzPT2MRLCSFj19cLQNfhyphenhyphengwBVP1H/s1600/300px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtiT7GiWjhOe6_Lmhnnj5nEqrsnScVFvHsmmNkPbm5XVolgylDOCm_CRJ6S8ZMcVUoLRb0m-_I7X0kEC7lGn3KBUEsrhS1km_CHic95-IIiPvAlka4PzPT2MRLCSFj19cLQNfhyphenhyphengwBVP1H/s200/300px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
Sama and Atharva. The Rig Veda is the earliest of the four Vedas and it consists of 1028 hymns. The hymns were sung in praise of various gods. The Yajur Veda consists of various details of rules to be observed at the time of sacrifice. The Sama Veda is set to tune for the purpose of chanting during sacrifice. It is called the book of chants and the origins of Indian music are traced in it. The Atharva Veda contains details of rituals.<br />
<br />
Besides the Vedas, there are other sacred works like the Brahmanas, the Upanishads, the Aranyakas and the epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The Brahmanas are the treatises relating to prayer and sacrificial ceremony. The Upanishads are philosophical texts dealing with topic like the soul, the absolute, the origin of the world and the mysteries of nature. The Aranyakas are called forest books<br />
and they deal with mysticism, rites, rituals and sacrifices. The author of Ramayana was Valmiki and that of Mahabharata was Vedavyas.<br />
<br />
<b>Rig Vedic Age or Early Vedic Period (1500 - 1000 B.C.)</b><br />
<br />
During the Rig Vedic period, the Aryans were mostly confined to the Indus region. The Rig Veda refers to Saptasindhu or the land of seven rivers. This includes the five rivers of Punjab, namely<br />
Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej along with the Indus and Saraswathi. The political, social and cultural life of the Rig Vedic people can be traced from the hymns of the Rig Veda<br />
<br />
<b>Political Organization</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
The basic unit of political organization was kula or family. Several families joined together on the basis of their kinship to form a village or grama. The leader of grama was known as gramani. A group of villages constituted a larger unit called visu. It was headed by vishayapati. The highest political unit was called jana or tribe. There were several tribal kingdoms during the Rig Vedic period<br />
such as Bharatas, Matsyas, Yadus and Purus. The head of the kingdom was called as rajan or king. The Rig Vedic polity was normally monarchical and the succession was hereditary. The king was assisted by purohita or priest and senani or commander of the army in his administration. There were two popular bodies called the Sabha and Samiti. The former seems to have been a council of elders and the latter, a general assembly of the entire people.<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Social Life</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
The Rig Vedic society was patriarchal. The basic unit of society was family or graham. The head of the family was known as grahapathi. Monogamy was generally practiced while polygamy was prevalent among the royal and noble families. The wife took care of the household and participated in all the major ceremonies. Women were given equal opportunities as men for their spiritual and intellectual development. There were women poets like Apala, Viswavara, Ghosa and Lopamudra during the Rig Vedic period. Women could even attend the popular assemblies. There was no child marriage and the practice of sati was absent.Both men and women wore upper and lower garments made of cotton and wool. A variety of ornaments were used by both men and women. Wheat and barley, milk and its products like curd and ghee, vegetables and fruits were the chief articles of food. The eating of cow’s meat was prohibited since it was a sacred animal. Chariot racing, horse racing, dicing, music and dance were the favourite pastimes. The social divisions were not rigid during the Rig Vedic period as it was in the later Vedic period.<br />
<br />
<b>Economic Condition</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
The Rig Vedic Aryans were pastoral people and their main occupation was cattle rearing. Their wealth was estimated in terms of their cattle. When they permanently settled in North India they began to practice agriculture. With the knowledge and use of iron they were able to clean forests and bring more lands under cultivation. Carpentry was another important profession and the availability of wood from the forests cleared made the profession profitable. Carpenters produced chariots and ploughs. Workers in metal made a variety of articles with copper, bronze and iron. Spinning was another important occupation and cotton and woollen fabrics were made. Goldsmiths were active in making ornaments. The potters made various kinds of vessels for domestic use. Trade was another important economic activity and rivers served as important means of transport. Trade was conducted on barter system. In the later times, gold coins called nishka were used as media of exchange in large transactions.<br />
<br />
<b>Religion</b><br />
<br />
The Rig Vedic Aryans worshipped the natural forces like earth, fire, wind, rain and thunder. They personified these natural forces into many gods and worshipped them. The important Rig Vedic gods were Prithvi (Earth), Agni (Fire), Vayu (Wind), Varuna (Rain) and Indra (Thunder). Indra was the most popular among them during the early Vedic period. Next in importance to Indra was Agni who<br />
was regarded as an intermediary between the gods and people. Varuna was supposed to be the upholder of the natural order. There were also female gods like Aditi and Ushas. There were no temples and no idol worship during the early Vedic period. Prayers were offered to the gods in the expectation of rewards. Ghee, milk and grain were given as offerings. Elaborate rituals were followed during the worship.<br />
<br />
<b>Later Vedic Period (1000 – 600 B.C.)</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
One important development during this period is the growth of large kingdoms. Kuru and Panchala kingdoms flourished in the beginning. Parikshat and Janamejaya were the famous rulers of Kuru kingdom. Pravahana Jaivali was a popular king of the Panchalas. He was a patron of learning. After the fall of Kurus and Panchalas, other kingdoms like Kosala, Kasi and Videha came into prominence. The famous ruler of Kasi was Ajatasatru. Janaka was the king of Videha with its capital at Mithila. His court was adorned by scholar Yajnavalkya. Magadha, Anga and Vanga seem to be the easternmost tribal kingdoms. The later Vedic texts also refer to the three divisions of India – Aryavarta (northern India), Madhyadesa (central India) and Dakshinapatha (southern India).<br />
<br />
<b>Economic Condition</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
The Later Vedic people were familiar with the sea and they traded with countries like Babylon. A class of hereditary merchants (vaniya) came into existence. Vaisyas also carried on trade and commerce. They organized themselves into guilds known as ganas. Besides nishka of the Rig Vedic period, gold and silver coins like satamana and krishnala were used as media of exchange.<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Social Life</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
The four divisions of society (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas and Sudras) or the Varna system was thoroughly established during the Later Vedic period. The two higher classes - Brahmana, and Kshatriya enjoyed privileges that were denied to the Vaisya and Sudra. A Brahmin occupied a higher position than a Kshatriya but sometimes Kshatriyas claimed a higher status over the Brahmins. Many sub-castes on the basis of their occupation appeared in this period.In the family, the power of the father increased during the Later Vedic period. There was no improvement in the status of women. They were still considered inferior and subordinate to men. Women also lost their political rights of attending assemblies. Child marriages had become common. According the Aitreya Brahmana a daughter has been described as a source of misery. However, the women in the royal household enjoyed certain privileges.<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Religion</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Gods of the Early Vedic period like Indra and Agni lost their importance. Prajapathi (the creator), Vishnu (the protector) and Rudra (the destroyer) became prominent during the Later Vedic period. Sacrifices were still important and the rituals connected with them became more elaborate. The importance of prayers declined and that of sacrifices increased. Priesthood became a profession and a hereditary one. The formulae for sacrifices were invented and elaborated by the priestly class. Therefore, towards the end of this period there was a strong reaction against priestly domination and against sacrifices and rituals. The rise of Buddhism and Jainism was the direct result of these elaborate sacrifices. Also, the authors of the Upanishads, which is the essence of Hindu philosophy, turned away from the useless rituals and insisted on true knowledge<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>JAINISM AND BUDDHISM</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
The sixth century B.C. is considered a wonderful century in history. Great thinkers like Buddha, Mahavira, Heraclitus, Zoroaster, Confucius and Lao Tse lived and preached their ideas in this century. In India, the republican institutions were strong in the 6th century B.C. This enabled rise of heterodox sects against the orthodox religion dominated by rites and rituals. Among them the most successful were Jainism and Buddhism whose impact on the Indian society was remarkable.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<b>Jainism</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Life of Vardhamana Mahavira (539- 467 B.C.) Vardhamana Mahavira was the 24th Tirthankara of<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgttSJqo4h9GffDlQFaXAJMQ6zxKnyqE87oR9eAiX4amzjVF-NNii54yvMdRjzsL_r3f4F1zupZOUMJf4Ugi3KwaunbvUqYp74Qg2b0fdk8dIhfefrUS0I4eIq5PP3DaWgb5_fQLS3WNxr8/s1600/Lord-Mahavir-Jain-New-Year.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgttSJqo4h9GffDlQFaXAJMQ6zxKnyqE87oR9eAiX4amzjVF-NNii54yvMdRjzsL_r3f4F1zupZOUMJf4Ugi3KwaunbvUqYp74Qg2b0fdk8dIhfefrUS0I4eIq5PP3DaWgb5_fQLS3WNxr8/s320/Lord-Mahavir-Jain-New-Year.jpg" width="222" /></a></div>
the Jain tradition. He was born at Kundagrama near Vaisali to Kshatriya parents Siddhartha and Trisala. He married Yasoda and gave birth to a daughter. At the age of thirty he became an ascetic and wandered for twelve years. In the 13th year of his penance, he attained the highest spiritual knowledge called Kevala Gnana. Thereafter, he was called Mahavira and Jina. His followers were called Jains and his religion Jainism. He preached his doctrines for 30 years and died at the age of 72 at Pava near Rajagriha.<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Teachings of Mahavira:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
The three principles of Jainism, also known as Triratnas (three gems), are:<br />
<b>- right faith</b><br />
<b>- right knowledge</b><br />
<b>- right conduct.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Right faith is the belief in the teachings and wisdom of Mahavira. Right Knowledge is the acceptance of the theory that there is no God and that the world has been existing without a creator and that all objects possess a soul. Right conduct refers to the observance of the five great vows:-<br />
<br />
<b>- not to injure life</b><br />
<b>- not to lie</b><br />
<b>- not to steal</b><br />
<b>- not to acquire property</b><br />
<b>- not to lead immoral life.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Spread of Jainism</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
By the end of the fourth century B.C., there was a serious famine in the Ganges valley. Many Jain monks led by Bhadrabagu and Chandragupta Maurya came to Sravana Belgola in Karnataka. Those who stayed back in north India were led by a monk named Sthulabahu who changed the code of conduct for the monks. This led to the division of Jainism into two sects Svetambaras (whiteclad) and Digambaras (Sky-clad or Naked). The first Jain Council was convened at Pataliputra by Sthulabahu, the leader of the Digambaras, in the beginning of the 3rd century B.C. The second Jain Council was held at Valabhi in 5th century A.D. The final compilation of Jain literature called Twelve Angas was completed in this council.<br />
<br />
<b>Buddhism</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Life of Gautama Buddha (567- 487 B.C.)</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Gautama or Siddhartha, the founder of Buddhism, was born in 567 B.C. in Lumbini Garden near Kapilavastu. His father was Suddodhana of the Sakya clan and mother Mayadevi. As his mother died at child birth, he was brought up by his aunt Prajapati Gautami. At the age of sixteen he married<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrIhFBU9JuZ2m8LNzUVSXLQmbetNsdccU-bZxps3SN1mXAu3yoIXbvsWHRDwHiARE3gwtbzp-8i4bia99AzuOLpURt2-fxWpjtevIOiskYuHMiTGb_Rgx-i2nECo4DNrFw1JWnI83eAmmS/s1600/awr_2_1sl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrIhFBU9JuZ2m8LNzUVSXLQmbetNsdccU-bZxps3SN1mXAu3yoIXbvsWHRDwHiARE3gwtbzp-8i4bia99AzuOLpURt2-fxWpjtevIOiskYuHMiTGb_Rgx-i2nECo4DNrFw1JWnI83eAmmS/s320/awr_2_1sl.jpg" width="214" /></a></div>
Yasodhara and gave birth to a son, Rahula. The sight of an old man, a diseased man, a corpse and an ascetic turned him away from worldly life. He left home at the age of twenty nine in search of Truth. He wandered for seven years and met several teachers but could not get enlightenment. At last, he sat under a bodhi tree at Bodh Gaya and did intense penance, after which he got Enlightenment (Nirvana) at the age of thirty five. Since then he became known as the Buddha or ‘the Enlightened One’. He delivered his first sermon at Sarnath near Benares and for the next forty five years he led the life of a preacher. He died at the age of eighty at Kusinagara.<br />
<br />
The most important disciples of Buddha were Sariputta, Moggallanna, Ananda, Kassapa and Upali. Kings like Prasenajit of Kosala and Bimbisara and Ajatasatru of Magadha accepted his doctrines and became his disciples. Buddha in his lifetime spread his message far and wide in north India and visited places like Benares, Rajagriha, Sravasti, Vaisali, Nalanda and Pataligrama. It should be noted that he did not involve himself in fruitless controversies regarding metaphysical questions like god, soul, karma, rebirth, etc.., and concerned himself with the practical problems confronting man.<br />
<br />
<b>Teachings of Buddha:</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
The Four Noble Truths of Buddha are:<br />
<b>- The world is full of suffering.</b><br />
<b>- The cause of suffering is desire.</b><br />
<b>- If desires are get rid off, suffering can be removed.</b><br />
<b>- This can be done by following the Eightfold Path.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
The Eightfold Path consists of right view, right resolve, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness and right concentration. Buddha neither accepts god nor rejects the<br />
existence of god. He laid great emphasis on the law of karma. He argued that the condition of man in this life depends upon his own deeds. He taught that the soul does not exist.<br />
<br />
<b>Spread of Buddhism</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Buddha had two kinds of disciples – monks (bhikshus) and lay worshippers (upasikas). The monks were organized into the Sangha for the purpose of spreading his teachings. The membership was open to all persons, male or female and without any caste restrictions. There was a special code for nuns restricting their residence and movement. Sariputta, Moggallana and Ananda were some of the famous monks. The Sangha was governed on democratic lines and was empowered to enforce discipline among its members. Owing to the organised efforts made by the Sangha, Buddhism made rapid progress in North India even during Buddha’s life time. Magadha, Kosala, Kausambi and several republican states of North India embraced this religion. About two hundred years after the death of Buddha, the famous Mauryan Emperor Asoka embraced Buddhism. Through his missionary effort Asoka spread Buddhism into West Asia and Ceylon. Thus a local religious sect was transformed into a world religion.<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Buddhist Councils</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
The first Buddhist Council was held at Rajagraha under the chairmanship of Mahakasapa immediately after the death of Buddha. Its purpose was to maintain the purity of the teachings of the Buddha. The second Buddhist Council was convened at Vaisali around 383 B.C. The third Buddhist Council was held at Pataliputra under the patronage of Asoka. Moggaliputta Tissa presided over it. The final version of Tripitakas was completed in this council. The fourth Buddhist Council was convened in Kashmir by Kanishka under the chairmanship of Vasumitra. Asvagosha participated in this council. The new school of Buddhism called Mahayana Buddhism came into existence during this council. The Buddhism preached by the Buddha and propagated by Asoka was known as Hinayana.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Adityahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13320668813868241595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-921597530549308019.post-29440476005296020472015-10-01T03:47:00.002-07:002015-11-17T03:34:05.009-08:00Current Affairs in October<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
</h3>
<h3>
</h3>
<h4>
</h4>
<h4>
</h4>
<h4>
</h4>
<h4>
<span style="font-size: large;"><div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
1. India is going to host G20 meet in 2018.</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6wR-XdAUGOM6oHNlQqazX5_4tw6tOx8LUJV5qd6AUiB0cOTi2TPX9IzgCTkJBsMEX3enWwhXF_DdNJXcTkk8mt1_tQKG1_DyLlmohgxuOeQtiRFSgKQOoRhX5BohWCSvPW6QD4-KwEeQX/s1600/rsz_logonew.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6wR-XdAUGOM6oHNlQqazX5_4tw6tOx8LUJV5qd6AUiB0cOTi2TPX9IzgCTkJBsMEX3enWwhXF_DdNJXcTkk8mt1_tQKG1_DyLlmohgxuOeQtiRFSgKQOoRhX5BohWCSvPW6QD4-KwEeQX/s200/rsz_logonew.png" width="200" /></a> New Delhi<span style="font-weight: normal;"> will be place to chair the annual </span>G20 Summit in 2018<span style="font-weight: normal;">. The decision was taken by G20 forum in a meeting headed by Turkey on September 2015. For 2016 the meeting will be chaired by China and subsequently it will be pass on to Germany in 2017.</span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
About G20 Meeting:-</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Started in 1999 as a meeting of Finance Ministers and Federal Bank Governors of the top world economies after the financial crisis in Asian Market.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In 2008,the meeting held on a high profile level and the group pledged to play the significant role to cop with financial crisis.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">G20 is an apposite model for global corporation across the globe.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Members of the G20 group consists of:- Brazil, China, Russia, India, South Africa, Australia, Argentina, Canada, France, Indonesia, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, South Korea, United Kingdom (UK), United States (US) and European Union (EU).</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
2. Indian born Kartik Chandran honored with 2015 MacArthur Fellow.</div>
<div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcBt1sukt8nDZ22qzPuKspz8yUf6op7mdCLFuuZ46QbU_VI3jVBg6bUGBiKLrW8WNXY9R_gZWvumWXrXzw91GMOSTNqtuvBhm5jX11etmW-iCqlZlhNkwLHJS4tqk6PNhCjjmEiONYqoTQ/s1600/Chandran_2015_profile-200.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcBt1sukt8nDZ22qzPuKspz8yUf6op7mdCLFuuZ46QbU_VI3jVBg6bUGBiKLrW8WNXY9R_gZWvumWXrXzw91GMOSTNqtuvBhm5jX11etmW-iCqlZlhNkwLHJS4tqk6PNhCjjmEiONYqoTQ/s200/Chandran_2015_profile-200.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Indian American eminent professor Kartik Chandran named as 2015 Mac Arthur Fellow. The fellowship will entitles him with a grant of $625,000. Mr. Chandran received this honor for his work in transforming pollutant from the drain water into usable products like fertilizers, commodity chemicals. etc.</span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
About Mac Arthur Fellowship:-</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">It is an annual grant awarded by Chicago based </span>John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation<span style="font-weight: normal;">, which is the 10th largest private foundation in the U.S.A . Basically it supports Non-profit Organizations in approximately 51 Countries.</span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
3. China Triumphantly launched 20th Satellite for Beidou navigation Systems.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjuS977yPMlN5Vv7pz49Qkprxtf1kcR5YShyphenhyphenJIh6432NpvYjCDeGkdq6s20aqM7zxHXNEA-xfCpSlKsC6OrrbQF4_6ISJ3tmeIRnZW85esHlSPuTTatyHV68pc5sQrCue8xlAPO69zZ-I_/s1600/navy2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjuS977yPMlN5Vv7pz49Qkprxtf1kcR5YShyphenhyphenJIh6432NpvYjCDeGkdq6s20aqM7zxHXNEA-xfCpSlKsC6OrrbQF4_6ISJ3tmeIRnZW85esHlSPuTTatyHV68pc5sQrCue8xlAPO69zZ-I_/s200/navy2.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">China succeeded in launching its 20th new generation satellite in space as a part of BeiDou </span>Navigation Systems<span style="font-weight: normal;">. The satellite is fitted with </span>Hydrogen Atomic Clock<span style="font-weight: normal;"> which shows the most accurate time as compared to other primary standards for International Time distribution systems. Launched with </span>Mach-3B <span style="font-weight: normal;">carrier rocket from Xichang State Launch Center in the South Western Province of Sichuan.</span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
4.US,Japan and India Join hands to coordinate China's approach in maritime affairs</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAuZLtEZ3HJWE-7Eh_UvNuogTtg_c1zf2RO1mkLzT3wn1BcxaY7s-gleF92zjkiBSyHvUMPKCVGDXS6mrZWGjbsTATH4C25iA5DRohn82hdhaSDCiqtiueRAXsLgu1GXca3027H1n0HCPI/s1600/2790_1_Untitled-1_copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="93" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAuZLtEZ3HJWE-7Eh_UvNuogTtg_c1zf2RO1mkLzT3wn1BcxaY7s-gleF92zjkiBSyHvUMPKCVGDXS6mrZWGjbsTATH4C25iA5DRohn82hdhaSDCiqtiueRAXsLgu1GXca3027H1n0HCPI/s200/2790_1_Untitled-1_copy.JPG" width="200" /></a><span style="font-weight: normal;">The decision was taken in first trilateral meeting held between US,Japan and India in </span>New York<span style="font-weight: normal;">. The meeting was attended by US Secretary of States John Kerry, Japanese Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida and Indian External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj.</span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Brief of the meeting:-</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Japan expressed its concern over China rapid ongoing activities in the South China sea.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In the meeting all the countries agreed to solve all the disputes peacefully with international law and regulations.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Three parties also agreed to launch a high level meeting of experts to enable relief efforts in case of calamities relief.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
5. V. Shanmuganathan appointed as 17th Governor of Manipur</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnl4WlZchVdvgx7CIGkILf2eBFGwDHvj7239nMBRUJiHoQC02Q-Y3Rr6JrrBZTbJL_XoJxtx7IPfPMqINeDXiROdgZV72tp7ugQ2hqQ-mBJiniy6LuhxtTnp9rpjHPkY6s6KDV8Ss9R_1T/s1600/V.sanmukanathan-720x480.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnl4WlZchVdvgx7CIGkILf2eBFGwDHvj7239nMBRUJiHoQC02Q-Y3Rr6JrrBZTbJL_XoJxtx7IPfPMqINeDXiROdgZV72tp7ugQ2hqQ-mBJiniy6LuhxtTnp9rpjHPkY6s6KDV8Ss9R_1T/s200/V.sanmukanathan-720x480.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-weight: normal;">V. Shanmuganathan has sworn in as the Governor of Manipur. He is the 17th Governor of the state after Dr Syed Ahmed. The oath ceremony took place at Raj Bhawan in Imphal. </span>Chief Justice of Manipur High Court<span style="font-weight: normal;"> Justice Laxmi Kant Mahapatra administered the oath of office to him as per the provisions provided in Article 159 of <a href="http://indianachieverz.blogspot.in/2015/08/constitution-of-india-overview.html" target="_blank">Constitution of India</a>.</span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
6. Commemorative Stamp released on B.R. Ambedkar by Central Government </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9Ti2rdzx4LS7fyQkuq1DPPfIs7ce-Bt5qUFHgj8M_MBzLPOjptKczfk-D-RBnq9a4LYzMKGisE10DMSvZY_IEKMDqSjT_J7CtFor-3fEjzFnnRbgp994jzIIDhgivKhW_t7Da9um6toHS/s1600/ambedkar-stamp-5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9Ti2rdzx4LS7fyQkuq1DPPfIs7ce-Bt5qUFHgj8M_MBzLPOjptKczfk-D-RBnq9a4LYzMKGisE10DMSvZY_IEKMDqSjT_J7CtFor-3fEjzFnnRbgp994jzIIDhgivKhW_t7Da9um6toHS/s200/ambedkar-stamp-5.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-weight: normal;">As a part of the 125th Birthday Celebrations of "Father of Constitution" B.R. Ambedkar,The govt has released a commemorative stamp. The main aim of year long celebrations is to make the people aware of the life and the work of DR. Ambedkar who was the champion as well as role model for uncountable underprivileged. Number of programs and activities will be coming around to mark the birthday celebrations of Dr. Ambedkar.</span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
7. Hina Sidhu shots for Gold medal at Asia Air Gun Championship</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGpksXux92KvWxikgQeDk3526L8w9VlJcKmDlhG1bHi80p8QySLF3Tm_yH-kSXk39NRKj5VFHJ0n0WaU43NbWbtImNPeIjwQXeSG41eS9KSRrQZ2jg2Z35hcOpMBXoRPwaZy7A_FD0sCb5/s1600/heena_sidhu_oly_300.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGpksXux92KvWxikgQeDk3526L8w9VlJcKmDlhG1bHi80p8QySLF3Tm_yH-kSXk39NRKj5VFHJ0n0WaU43NbWbtImNPeIjwQXeSG41eS9KSRrQZ2jg2Z35hcOpMBXoRPwaZy7A_FD0sCb5/s200/heena_sidhu_oly_300.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="143" /></a><span style="font-weight: normal;">The top rated shooter from India Hina Sidhu clinched the gold Medal in 10mt air pistol event of </span>Asia Air Gun Championships <span style="font-weight: normal;">which took place in national Capital. She defeated Shweta Singh of India by .8 points to secure the first position. Where as South Korea's </span>Seon A. Kim<span style="font-weight: normal;"> satiated herself by Bronze medal. Hina is former world number one and was the India's first pistol shooter to get ranked number one in the pistol shooting.With the total of 17 medals including 6 Gold, India has emerged on the top position in the Championship.</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>8. India placed on 55th Rank in Global Competitiveness Index as per the WEF Report.<br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">India has been placed at 55th Position on Global Competitiveness Index. It was published in Global Business Competitiveness report of World Economic Forum</span><br />
<br />
Key Facts:-<br />
<ul><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSXvhVhQEnRsmxDP3pSlE4XPo4fJnBSV4nI5Cx7GiPFJ3cMMxFRtMeut6Q2W81SrAn9PsMMTgyGHNM2s_KPKg3PS0RluVowCJT_278ov2MspH1AEEj4NEOt7kDTGPcGXXsz2mKDfX6lX3R/s1600/WEF.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSXvhVhQEnRsmxDP3pSlE4XPo4fJnBSV4nI5Cx7GiPFJ3cMMxFRtMeut6Q2W81SrAn9PsMMTgyGHNM2s_KPKg3PS0RluVowCJT_278ov2MspH1AEEj4NEOt7kDTGPcGXXsz2mKDfX6lX3R/s200/WEF.jpg" width="200" /></a>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;">Switzerland has maintained its top echelon for seventh year in a row.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;">Top Countries in this list are:- Switzerland, Singapore, United States, Germany, Netherlands, Japan, Hong Kong, Finland, Sweden and United Kingdom.</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
9.<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span>2nd October celebrated all over the world as International Non-Violence Day<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtKaNyg4yrNNgtR9mzD_Tarq5rKbnHGGg7D4327Jjvd2q9zri-2tq51EusifjXk96DYfTkTheaYwWxjeqhRbA0uSW2bnKK4615xLtx29G0EcIkA8fd1zs3dW_TDlP8K-nij1Ax04992osE/s1600/mahatma-gandhi1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtKaNyg4yrNNgtR9mzD_Tarq5rKbnHGGg7D4327Jjvd2q9zri-2tq51EusifjXk96DYfTkTheaYwWxjeqhRbA0uSW2bnKK4615xLtx29G0EcIkA8fd1zs3dW_TDlP8K-nij1Ax04992osE/s200/mahatma-gandhi1.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-weight: normal;">2nd of October is celebrated as </span>International Day of Non-Violence<span style="font-weight: normal;"> throughout the world on the birth anniversary of </span>Mahatma Gandhi<span style="font-weight: normal;">.To promote the principle of peace through public awareness.This day is also known as Gandhi Jayanti. The resolution was put forwarded in </span>UNGA<span style="font-weight: normal;"> (United Nation General Assembly) meet which held in 2007 to promote Non Violence.</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
10.<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span>1st October celebrated as International Day of Older Persons<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrFq8Qf_YxKiWQvL5b3PmYzgo69qqgv3X5z6C7sdGfnNfvrFONXQe0GoyckUG5NLEcKJluGzebWBAhs6QNbRvZOApI18gtew2yuWRcKYUQruBn8TlWxKUL_iECby2_ot7eItjahs4h2fb6/s1600/fb4177f67e08a3b2e341cce48f2b6bab_2829.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrFq8Qf_YxKiWQvL5b3PmYzgo69qqgv3X5z6C7sdGfnNfvrFONXQe0GoyckUG5NLEcKJluGzebWBAhs6QNbRvZOApI18gtew2yuWRcKYUQruBn8TlWxKUL_iECby2_ot7eItjahs4h2fb6/s200/fb4177f67e08a3b2e341cce48f2b6bab_2829.png" width="200" /></a><span style="font-weight: normal;">Every year 1st October is observed as </span>International day of Older Persons<span style="font-weight: normal;">. It was on 14th December 1990, the </span>United Nation <span style="font-weight: normal;">chosen October 1 as the International Day of Older Persons. The theme of the 2015 celebration of this day was</span>"Sustainability and Age Inclusiveness in the Urban Environment”<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">11. </span>ADB to grant loan for improving India-Bangladesh Electricity link.<br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTGhjpp-hncEj3SV4qz8UtWAsusiyIjIk-zu71djW5Rni9YcAnc0MVzy9OAD2BPAWX6DgQ5WHW-r0NCg2f1DbXLYO6lNMkcNvOaT6DZfARo7UeEUOOPiizFNNNNIrd9iqQ-KL4zauszf-v/s1600/ADB_Logo.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTGhjpp-hncEj3SV4qz8UtWAsusiyIjIk-zu71djW5Rni9YcAnc0MVzy9OAD2BPAWX6DgQ5WHW-r0NCg2f1DbXLYO6lNMkcNvOaT6DZfARo7UeEUOOPiizFNNNNIrd9iqQ-KL4zauszf-v/s200/ADB_Logo.png" width="200" /></a>Asian Development Bank<span style="font-weight: normal;"> will help with </span>$120 Million<span style="font-weight: normal;"> loan to upgrade the electricity network between </span>India and Bangladesh<span style="font-weight: normal;">. This loan will help Bangladesh to meet its increasing demand of electricity from its neighbor and support power transmission across various </span>SARC<span style="font-weight: normal;"> region.It wont be wrong if it is said that The inter connectivity of the project is the first step in the direction of South Asia regional Electricity Grid, which boost the power exchanges between South Asian Countries. </span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
12. Sheila Watt-Cloutier wins 2015 Right Livelihood Award<br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj77-JyPDVJWAEqkK7W7z3RPOT8Wwf_FNr4B7k8vXQk7F6JYD96FMjqsE9ni7Q3eNhXQFs9ojz6IFfkTCe4HBKC7GXH6xErJczyFj8U40NyB7WzokwCNWgUM3REi9CEIvlpmQeGxDgvvevQ/s1600/sheila-watt-cloutier_0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj77-JyPDVJWAEqkK7W7z3RPOT8Wwf_FNr4B7k8vXQk7F6JYD96FMjqsE9ni7Q3eNhXQFs9ojz6IFfkTCe4HBKC7GXH6xErJczyFj8U40NyB7WzokwCNWgUM3REi9CEIvlpmQeGxDgvvevQ/s200/sheila-watt-cloutier_0.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-weight: normal;">Renowned Canadian Activist </span>Sheila Watt-Cloutier<span style="font-weight: normal;"> has won the </span>Right Livelihood Award 2015<span style="font-weight: normal;">. She was bestowed with this award for her continuous work dedicated to protect Inuit of arctic and protects their right to maintain their livelihoods and culture which was in danger by the climatic changes. Sheila Watt will share the prize with </span>Kasha Jacqueline Nabagesera<span style="font-weight: normal;">, Ugandan activist who fights for the basic rights of LGBTI. and </span>Gino Strada<span style="font-weight: normal;">, Italian doctor who is founder of medical charity to rehabilitate war victims. </span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
13. India surpasses China to become world’s largest cotton producer<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsGgBDN-DghuDl7BuKJPWcNUsHTvUgCb7g0Sx0IHCjnhs9IOkjbX72RAGne2aFWfEusfHm8mXMJt4PFjH-LybBebyTjpN6V4hrInZ1zfenR0aPcIOWr7uV0cUu_n6tvO_UAnt-SRM6wjkb/s1600/cOTTON.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsGgBDN-DghuDl7BuKJPWcNUsHTvUgCb7g0Sx0IHCjnhs9IOkjbX72RAGne2aFWfEusfHm8mXMJt4PFjH-LybBebyTjpN6V4hrInZ1zfenR0aPcIOWr7uV0cUu_n6tvO_UAnt-SRM6wjkb/s200/cOTTON.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-weight: normal;">India has emerged as the world largest Cotton producer in the world leaving behind its neighbor China, as the season ends in September 2015. This year India has produced 6.51 million tonnes of the cotton where as China registered its cotton production as 6.48 mt </span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
14.</div>
</div>
</span></h4>
</div>
Adityahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13320668813868241595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-921597530549308019.post-47523160465774776722015-09-28T00:59:00.000-07:002015-09-29T02:52:24.449-07:00 The Indian Parliament : Everything you need to know<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b> </b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3IXTVan3kOZc3jJ9TToX9uvj4UcXDQPcIHsObmfxLWj0bPHFQO-BJATeIfMFSh0e-Hn6KZ2rqQJA57CRoyRetZ4Uz_Jik87zJAe4k2QJH9iS529OEPSO0bUb42otqNqcez3UNgeiQKBmE/s1600/Parliament.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3IXTVan3kOZc3jJ9TToX9uvj4UcXDQPcIHsObmfxLWj0bPHFQO-BJATeIfMFSh0e-Hn6KZ2rqQJA57CRoyRetZ4Uz_Jik87zJAe4k2QJH9iS529OEPSO0bUb42otqNqcez3UNgeiQKBmE/s1600/Parliament.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>The Parliament of India</b> is the apex parliamentarian body in the country. It is composed of <b>The President of India</b> and two houses - <b>Rajya Sabha </b>also known as <b>Council of States</b> and <b>Lok Sabha </b>called as <b>House of the People</b>. The <b>Indian Government</b> is bicameral in nature. When the Constitution of India became effective from 26 January, 1950 then the first <b>General Elections</b> held during the year of <b>1951-1952</b> and the first elected members of Parliament came into existence in April 1952. Both Houses hold their meetings separately in <b>Sansad Bhavan</b> in <b>New Delhi</b>.Those elected or nominated by the <b>President of India</b> to either house of Parliament are called <b>Members Of Parliament</b>. The<b> Members of Lower House</b> or <b>Lok Sabha</b> are elected by the people of India where as the <b>Members of Rajya Sabha</b> are elected by the State Legislative Assemblies. The Parliament is made up of 790 MPs who serve and work for the development of the largest democratic country of the world. As per the <a href="http://indianachieverz.blogspot.in/2015/09/election-commission-of-india-its.html" target="_blank">Election Commission of India</a>, <b>814.5</b> million Indians registered to exercise their adult suffrage in <b>2014 Lok Sabha Elections.</b><br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The Composition of Parliament of India consists of:-</span></h3>
<br />
<ul>
<li><b style="font-size: x-large;">President Of India:-</b></li>
</ul>
<br />
According to the Article 52 in the <a href="http://indianachieverz.blogspot.in/2015/08/constitution-of-india-overview.html" target="_blank">Constitution of India</a>, <b>"There shall be a President of India” </b>The President of India is the first citizen of the country. The president serves a five year term in his office. He is the supreme commander of all the Forces.President of India is elected by a electoral college.The electoral college which votes for President of India composed of:-<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Elected Members of Rajya Sabha</li>
<li>Elected Members of Lok Sabha</li>
<li>Members of State Legislative Assemblies</li>
<li>Elected members of Union Territories </li>
</ul>
<br />
The most interesting thing during the election of President is the value of vote count.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ_hohTG6rS5rrcYq90uHDWge-M00Esy_s4p_w7WU8dhyyJLkWgLQ3HpbWduJMVYONMp9ulq3yPjcS8bqfAxnRaJYsiLbYESTLIujfGp6Ng7swgXbcpbFbKj8-uqYYxAJ3OqQ19kuiBZcR/s1600/Untitled.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ_hohTG6rS5rrcYq90uHDWge-M00Esy_s4p_w7WU8dhyyJLkWgLQ3HpbWduJMVYONMp9ulq3yPjcS8bqfAxnRaJYsiLbYESTLIujfGp6Ng7swgXbcpbFbKj8-uqYYxAJ3OqQ19kuiBZcR/s1600/Untitled.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGnX2EAgjV4aaHhkoaqa_XWqT0ol3OOD_tTCPX_14OpWiALXj3ew4sIplQwu5Qm56gT2IBto_vSqMMktodzadxEDrgKAuWaRqIqnzCZGpbgurqOcSwPuBt0X6txNDz_AalH_30tA18xZAf/s1600/Pic2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGnX2EAgjV4aaHhkoaqa_XWqT0ol3OOD_tTCPX_14OpWiALXj3ew4sIplQwu5Qm56gT2IBto_vSqMMktodzadxEDrgKAuWaRqIqnzCZGpbgurqOcSwPuBt0X6txNDz_AalH_30tA18xZAf/s1600/Pic2.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><b style="font-size: x-large;">Lok Sabha:-</b></li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
Lok Sabha is also known as House of People and has members of 543 from all the constituencies across the country. Two Members are elected by President of India. Every citizen of India who has attained the age of 18 years is eligible to cast a vote. No matters which caste, color, religion, tribe the person belongs to it is his/her constitutional right to vote for the suitable candidate in the elections. <b>552</b> is the maximum number of MP's in parliament.Its term is for 5 years.The President of India is authorized to elect 2 at most Anglo Indian as the member of Parliament,if the community has not got their representative in the House of People. To be eligible for membership in Lok Sabha:-<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>The Person should be citizen of India and must be at least 25 years of age.</li>
<li>The Person should be mentally sound. </li>
<li>The person should neither be convicted with Criminal charges nor the person should be bankrupt.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><b style="font-size: x-large;">Rajya Sabha:-</b></li>
</ul>
<br />
Rajya Sabha is also known as Council of States or Upper House. It is the permanent body in the Parliament where one third of the members retires every second year and being replaced by the new ones. In Upper House each member is elected for a time period of <b>6 years</b>. The Members are selected indirectly by members of Legislative bodies of states. Rajya Sabha can have maximum number of 250 members in it. 238 members are elected from the states and union territories where as the 12 members are nominated by The President of India. The members must have excelled in the fields of:-<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Literature</li>
<li>Science</li>
<li>Art</li>
<li>Social Services</li>
<li>Sports </li>
</ul>
<br />
The person should be at least 30 years of age to become a member of Rajya Sabha<br />
<br />
Read in detail about <a href="http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/Parliament_of_India.pdf" target="_blank">Parliament of India</a>.</div>
</div>
Adityahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13320668813868241595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-921597530549308019.post-10318250265315746822015-09-22T04:31:00.000-07:002015-09-22T04:31:14.210-07:00Election Commission of India:-Its functions and Powers <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNLVRTPqAkFW-NgZpNQOZrFVJzgzkzlk5WQ7bH2qyQOj-WOOLIJzait3EDMGYH000Lr1uJa1c_Ybcy9yg9UYpblHoLEwlpe_9OE0ewLFi4hhVM1X61TRJlKtQonzYsjoPiNd6mc21ssAad/s1600/Election+Commision.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNLVRTPqAkFW-NgZpNQOZrFVJzgzkzlk5WQ7bH2qyQOj-WOOLIJzait3EDMGYH000Lr1uJa1c_Ybcy9yg9UYpblHoLEwlpe_9OE0ewLFi4hhVM1X61TRJlKtQonzYsjoPiNd6mc21ssAad/s1600/Election+Commision.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="p0" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
The <b>Election Commission of India</b> was founded on <b>25 January, 1950</b>. It is a federal sovereign department having complete authority to conduct the electoral process in the India. It is under them only that free and fair elections have been held at regular intervals of time since we got independence.The Election Commission has been provided the complete power by the <b><a href="http://indianachieverz.blogspot.in/2015/08/constitution-of-india-overview.html" target="_blank">Constitution of India</a></b> to supervise, provide directions and control of all the elections whether it belongs to <b>Parliament of India</b> or State Legislatures. Moreover, the elections to the <b>President of India</b> and <b>Vice President of India</b> have to be conducted under the responsibility of Election Commission. According to the Apex Court, where there are insufficient provision to deal with some foreseen circumstances, then Election Commission has complete authority to act in a suitable manner. From starting, <b>The representation of People Act 1950</b> deals with preparation of the electoral rolls. Subsequently, <b>The Representation of People Act 1951</b> addresses all the aspects of conducting of elections and disputes regarding them. </div>
<div class="p0" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="p0" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b>Architecture :</b>-</div>
<div class="p0" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="p0" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
From the starting the commission was supervised by Chief Election Commissioner. But on <b>16th October 1989</b> it was for the first time in the history of India that Two Additional Commissioners were delegated for short tenure till <b>1 Jan 1990</b>. According to <b>Election Commission amendment Act 1993</b>,the Election Commission was permanently made a multi-member body. Two additional commissioners were appointed on 01 Oct 1993, which makes the body decision making power by majority vote. </div>
<div class="p0" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="p0" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b>Objectives & Powers </b></div>
<div class="p0" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="p0" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
The most important part of a <b>Democratic Country</b> is the elections to choose its national leaders. Holding free and fair elections are the bottom lines of the democratic system. EC is also known as the <b>Cerberus</b> of the free and fair elections. The main functions of EC are given below:-</div>
<div class="p0" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="p0" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li>It issues the model of Conduct for Political parties and candidate to participate in election in a clean manner.</li>
<li>According to <b>law amendment in 1989</b>, it was mandatory for every political party to get registered with them and EC provides a unique Image Symbol to contest in an election.</li>
<li>Election Commission fixes the amount of money to be spend by the political parties in election and these limits are revised from time to time. </li>
<li>Observers are being appointed by Election Commissioners to keep a close eye on the candidates activities and doing analysis on their bank accounts.</li>
<li>EC is authorized to take details of each candidates assets on affidavit paper at the time of filing nomination.</li>
<li>It is completely the discretionary power of the EC to either allow or prohibit the result of opinions or exit polls.</li>
</ul>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>State Election Commission</b>:-</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
As envisaged in <b>Article 243K</b> of the constitution of India, the power of supervising and control of the elections at the state level vested with the <b>State Election Commissions</b>. As per the <b>73rd Amendment Act</b> passed in 1992 by P.V Narsimha Rao government which came into effect on <b>24th April 1993</b>. The motive behind this amendment was to provide constitutional section to establish the “democracy” at the grass root level of the country. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Objectives and Powers </b></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
State level Election Commission has various unique powers pertaining to elections which are held in states. </div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>SEC chairs the commission which demarcate local government constituencies.</li>
<li>It is fully authorized to conduct the local bodies election. .</li>
<li>It has right to disqualify the candidates who fails to submit their election accounts and not following moral code of conduct which is set up by Election Commission. </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>Modernization in Election Commission :-</b></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The Election Commission is doing a remarkable job in implementing latest technology in the elections. The first attempt to bring improvement in election procedures was done by introducing <b>EVM -(Electronic Voting Machines).</b> The purpose of <b>EVM</b> was to reduce malpractices , improve efficiency and transparency in elections. On experimental basis the EVM was first tried out in the state elections of <b>Kerala Legislative Assembly</b> in year 1982. After having a successful testing and clearing all legal stymies, the EC took the decision to roll out EVM in all elections. Moreover, EC launched its official website on <b>28th February 1998</b> which helped the user with accurate information, administration as well as instant results of Election 1998. In 2004’s General Election, it was made mandatory by EC to possess an Election Card while exercising their right to <b>Adult Suffrage</b>. Ration cards and Driving License are also used for going to cast a vote. The introduction of <b>VVPAT (Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail)</b> in eight Lok Sabha Constituencies in 2014 election was a huge success after the Supreme Court Judgment in 2013. <b>VVPAT</b> was implemented in September 2013 elections. The VVPAT was used in the legislative assemblies of the following states:-</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Mizoram ,2013</li>
<li>Delhi , 2013</li>
<li>Madhya Pradesh, 2013</li>
<li>Rajasthan, 2013</li>
<li>Chhattisgarh , 2013</li>
<li>Indian General election, 2014</li>
<li>Maharashtra , 2014</li>
<li>Haryana, 2014</li>
<li>Jammu and Kashmir, 2014</li>
<li>Jharkhand , 2014</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The other appealing feature which appeared on the EVM was an option of <b>NOTA ( None of the Above)</b> on Indian voting machines in <b>2014 Lok Sabha</b> Elections and now it is a mandatory option in all elections conducted either by State or by Central. The specific symbol for NOTA is a ballot paper with a black cross over it. The symbol was designed by <b>National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad</b> on 18th September, 2015.</div>
<br />
<div class="p0" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
Adityahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13320668813868241595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-921597530549308019.post-57780886812504305932015-08-27T04:47:00.003-07:002015-09-16T02:33:26.267-07:00Constitution of India an Overview<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> The Constitution of India</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2KRvXuehFpbOTTBZ1sEu0PHJ6ZeaFeh6_FXkE8vbFXIToXacsRCJTu0TXcuQhcAeWPlrBoX5-jE6e4BEdZCANu361_66p58pXIiGURRUEM7WiYL5qJs12Vkg6b5fyT2SfxyBGuWYxazSr/s1600/India_flag_emblem.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2KRvXuehFpbOTTBZ1sEu0PHJ6ZeaFeh6_FXkE8vbFXIToXacsRCJTu0TXcuQhcAeWPlrBoX5-jE6e4BEdZCANu361_66p58pXIiGURRUEM7WiYL5qJs12Vkg6b5fyT2SfxyBGuWYxazSr/s320/India_flag_emblem.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 0.23in;">The </span><span style="line-height: 0.23in;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Constitution
of India</b></span></span><span style="color: #252525; line-height: 0.23in;"> </span><span style="color: #252525; line-height: 0.23in;">is
the absolute law of India which</span><span style="line-height: 0.23in;"><span style="font-size: small;"> lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles. It also establishes the structure, procedures, powers and duties of
government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles</span></span><span style="color: #252525; line-height: 0.23in;"> </span><span style="color: #252525; line-height: 0.23in;">and
the duties of citizens. It is the </span><span style="color: #252525; line-height: 0.23in;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>longest</b></span></span><span style="color: #252525; line-height: 0.23in;"> written constitution
in the world.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #252525; line-height: 0.23in;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #252525; line-height: 0.23in;"><b>Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar</b> is regarded as the
chief architect of Indian Constitution. </span><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: 0.23in;">Basically , Constitution is the only living document, an instrument which makes
the government system work. The constitution applies to all the states, Union Territories. </span></span></span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 22.08px;">Jammu & Kashmir </b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 22.08px;">is</span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 22.08px;"> </b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 22.08px;">the o</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 0.23in;">nly state, where </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 22.08px;">constitution applies with certain exceptions and modifications as provided in </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 0.23in;">Article 370, The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">The list of drafting committee associates of Constitution of India are:</span></span></span></div>
<div style="color: #333333; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dr B. R. Ambedkar - Chairman</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">K M Munshi (Ex- Home Minister, Bombay)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer (Ex- Advocate General, Madras State)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">N Gopalaswami Ayengar (Ex-Prime Minister, J&K, member of Nehru Cabinet)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">B L Mitter (Ex-Advocate General, India)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Md. Saadullah (Ex- Chief Minister of Assam, Muslim League member)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">D P Khaitan (lawyer). </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sir Benegal Narsing Rau was appointed as the constitutional adviser. He later became First Indian Judge in International Court of Justice in 1950.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div style="color: #333333; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Other Committee members:</span></div>
<div style="color: #333333; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<li>B L Mitter resigned from the committee. He was replaced by Madhav Rao (Legal Advisor of Maharaja of Vadodara). </li>
<li>D P Khaitan passed away and was replaced by T T Krishnamachari.</li>
</span></ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span>
<ol>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">The archetypal Constitution of India is not an original one. The best brains of our country collaborated the finest features from the constitutions of other countries and modified it further as per the Indian conditions as well as to to avoid any defect. </span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="3" style="color: #626262; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">From U.K.</span></td><td><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nominal Head – President </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cabinet System of Ministers</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Post of PM</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Parliamentary Type of Govt.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bicameral Parliament</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lower House more authoritarian</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Council of Ministers responsible to Lowe House</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Speaker in Lok Sabha</span></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">From U.S.</span></td><td><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Written Constitution</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Executive head of state known as President and his being the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Vice- President as the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fundamental Rights</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Apex Court</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Provision of States</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Independence of Judiciary and judicial review</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Preamble</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Removal of Supreme court and High court Judges</span></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">From USSR</span></td><td><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fundamental Duties</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Five year Plan</span></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">From AUSTRALIA</span></td><td><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Concurrent list</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Language of the preamble</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Provision regarding trade, commerce and intercourse</span></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">From JAPAN</span></td><td><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Law on which the Supreme Court function</span></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">From WEIMAR CONSTITUTION OF GERMANY</span></td><td><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Suspension of Fundamental Rights during the emergency</span></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">From CANADA</span></td><td><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Scheme of federation with a strong Centre</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Distribution of powers between Centre and the states and placing. Residuary Powers with the Centre</span></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">From IRELAND</span></td><td><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Concept of Directive Principles of States Policy(Ireland borrowed it from SPAIN)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Method of election of President</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nomination of members in the Rajya Sabha by the President.</span></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">According to <b>The Preamble of Constitution</b> :-</span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA</b>,
having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a 1 <b>SOVEREIGN
SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC</b> and to secure to all its
citizens: <b>JUSTICE</b>, social, economic and political; <b>LIBERTY</b> of
thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; <b>EQUALITY</b> of status
and of opportunity; and to promote among them all <b>FRATERNITY</b> assuring
the dignity of the individual and the 2 [unity and integrity of the
Nation]; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this <b>twenty sixth day of
November</b>, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES this Constitution.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To look at the updated Constitution of India to know about your Rights, Duties, and what our political system consists of, <a href="http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm" target="_blank">Click Here</a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 0.23in; margin-bottom: 0in; orphans: 1; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Adityahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13320668813868241595noreply@blogger.com0